Two-Part Courses: A hyphen indicates a full-year course with credit granted only for completing both terms. A comma indicates credit is granted for completing each term.

CORE COURSES

Departmental Seminar: Integrating Perspectives in Anthropology G14.1000  Subfield core course. Staff. 4 points.
A problem-focused course required of all graduate students in anthropology. Emphasis is on exploring distinctive subdisciplinary approaches to anthropological issues. Theme and faculty vary.

Social Anthropology Theory and Practice G14.1010  Beidelman, Martin, Myers, Rapp, Rogers. 4 points.
Introduces the principal theoretical issues in contemporary social anthropology, relating recent theoretical developments and ethnographic problems to their origins in classical sociological thought. Problems in the anthropology of knowledge are particularly emphasized as those most challenging to social anthropology and to related disciplines.

Linguistic Anthropology G14.1040  Core course in linguistic anthropology. Kulick, Schieffelin. 4 points.
Introduces and examines the interdependence of anthropology and the study of language both substantively and methodologically. Topics include the relationship between language, thought, and culture; the role of language in social interactions; the acquisition of linguistic and social knowledge; and language and speech in ethnographic perspective.

History of Anthropology G14.1636  Beidelman, Myers, Rapp, Rogers. 4 points.
The history of anthropology is rooted in philosophical questions concerning the relationship between human beings and the formation of society. This course surveys these issues as they relate to the development of method and theory. Focuses on French, British, and American anthropology and how they contributed to the development of the modern discipline. Covers key figures Franz Boas, Emile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss, Bronislaw Malinowski, and Radcliffe-Brown. Issues: cultural relativism, relation between biology and culture, functionalism, and structuralism.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Gender Issues in Archaeology G14.1201  Wright. 4 points.
Focuses on recent theoretical and methodological advances in the study of gender in prehistory. Topics include the ideological biases in the interpretation of rules attributed to women and men in prehistory; the impact of major historical transformations known from the archaeological record; and the effects of long-term historical processes on the lives of women and men.

Fieldwork in Historical Archaeology G14.1206  Does not fulfill the field course requirement for specialists in archaeology at the M.A. level. 4 points.
Examines the theory and techniques of archaeological data collection through readings, classroom instruction, and fieldwork. Approximately eight all-day field sessions are conducted on weekends at one or more archaeological sites in the New York City area, chosen for the special complexities of excavation at sites of the historic period.

Prehistory of South Asia G14.1207  Wright. 4 points.
Provides an in-depth study of South Asia from the earliest sedentary settlements in the region through the development of food-producing economies, urbanization, and state-level societies in the third millennium BC. Focuses on processes that led to the development of the Indus Valley civilization and its collapse, and the growth of societies on its margins (the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, Central Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula).

Prehistory of the Near East and Egypt I G14.1208  Crabtree. 4 points.
Surveys the prehistory of the Near East and Egypt from the earliest occupation to the domestication of plants and animals, covering the period from over one million to eight thousand years ago.

Prehistory of the Near East and Egypt II G14.1209  Wright. 4 points.
Covers the period from about ten thousand to four thousand years ago, the prehistoric to Ur III (Mesopotamia and Old Kingdom periods in Egypt). The course is comparative and concentrates on archaeological evidence, although written documentation is considered. Origins of agriculture; development of towns, villages, and cities; invention of new technologies; and emergence of state-level societies.

African Prehistory G14.1210  White. 4 points.

Africa has played a major role in modeling our current conceptions of human biological and cultural evolution. This course surveys African prehistory beginning with the earliest evidence for stone tool use. Addresses recent controversies, including arguments that Africa presents the earliest evidence for cereal domestication and representational art. Outlines independent development of complex societies.

European Prehistory I G14.1211  White. 4 points.
Development of human existence during the European Stone Age. Complexities of European geography, geology, vegetation, climate, and their relationship to humans. Inferences from European glacial history as a basis for comprehending the dynamic environmental context in which prehistoric peoples lived and changed. The complex database of the European prehistoric sequence and its relationship to human biological evolution. Human lifeways during the Stone Age from a diachronic perspective.

Faunal Analysis for Archaeology G14.1212  Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Crabtree. 4 points.
Studies techniques used to identify animal remains found in archaeological sites. Practical laboratory work is emphasized. Topics include ethnoarchaeology, taphonomy, and paleoecology.

European Prehistory II G14.1213  Crabtree. 4 points.
Surveys the archaeology of temperate Europe from the end of the Ice Age to the arrival of the Romans. Topics include Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and post-Pleistocene adaptations; the origins of agriculture in Europe; the development of metal technology; the emergence of social inequality; and the beginnings of urbanism in the later Iron Age.

Ceramic Analysis for Archaeology G14.1221  Prerequisite: permission of the instructor. Wright. 4 points.
Ceramics are the most abundant, diverse, and imperishable objects of material culture present in the archaeological record. This course approaches ceramic analysis from experimental, ethnoarchaeological, and archaeological perspectives. Topics include the scope and potential of ceramic analysis, range of theoretical and methodological approaches, and analytical techniques archaeologists employ in their study. Students have “hands-on” experience with ceramics and formulate a research design for the study of ceramics in a specific geographical and (pre)historical context.

Technology in Preindustrial Societies G14.2210  White, Wright. 4 points.
The craftsperson in society; a culture-historical and functional analysis of technology in the nonindustrial world. Consideration of prehistoric and contemporary examples, problems, and technologies.

Ancient Societies I: Hunters and Gatherers G14.2211  White. 4 points.
Old World origins of culture, comparative analysis of Old and New World hunting and gathering societies. Emphasis is on interpretation of settlement patterns and settlement systems, economic systems (including subsistence and trade), and religion.

Ancient Societies II: Cities and States G14.2212  Crabtree, Wright. 4 points.
Critical evaluation of evidence for the origins and development of cultural complexity that culminated in urban settlements and state systems of political organization. Compares the processes by which complex systems developed independently in several areas of the Old and New Worlds. Examines anthropological theories concerning the evolution of the state as well as our understanding of the complexities of modern state systems.

Archaeological Theory G14.2213  Crabtree, White, Wright. 4 points.
Exposes and assesses in detail the framework of problems and questions that guides anthropological archaeology. Critically examines the process of theory construction and the nature and procedures involved in scientific explanation. Discusses dominant theoretical constructs within which the archaeological record is understood and/or explained.

Archaeological Methods and Techniques G14.2214  Crabtree, White, Wright. 4 points.
Examines how archaeologists bridge the gap between the theoretical goals of anthropology and a static database. Includes the relationship between
theory and method, excavation techniques, sampling strategies, survey design, chronology building, taphonomy, faunal analysis, typological constructs, functional analysis of artifacts, and quantitative manipulation of archaeological data.

Fieldwork in Archaeology G14.2550  Required for M.A. and Ph.D. students in anthropological archaeology. Summer session only. 4 points.
Students live and work at selected prehistoric and historic sites in eastern North America. Following classroom preparation at field school headquarters, students learn excavation and recording techniques while working on the site. The final week is devoted to laboratory analysis of the excavated materials and the preparation of preliminary reports and papers. Special attention to sampling design and conservation archaeology.

Seminar: Archaeology and the Environment G14.3215  Crabtree, White. 4 points.
Use of archaeological data, artifacts, and other materials for understanding past human-environmental relationships; materials that should be collected; methods for analysis. Relationships between archaeologically known cultures and the environmental setting in which these cultures are found.

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Culture and Media I G14.1215
Open only to graduate students in the Departments of Anthropology, Cinema Studies, and Performance Studies. Ganti, Ginsburg, Himpele. 4 points.
This course offers a critical revision of the history of the genre of ethnographic film, the central debates it has engaged around cross-cultural representation, and the theoretical and cinematic responses to questions of the screen representation of culture, from the early romantic constructions of Robert Flaherty to current work in film, television, and video on the part of indigenous people throughout the world. Ethnographic film has a peculiar and highly contested status within anthropology, cinema studies, and documentary practice. This seminar situates ethnographic film within the wider project of the representation of cultural lives, and especially of “natives.” Starting with what are regarded as the first examples of the genre, the course examines how these emerged in a particular intellectual context and political economy. It then considers the key works that have defined the genre, and the epistemological and formal innovations associated with them, addressing questions concerning social theory, documentary, as well as the institutional structures through which they are funded, distributed, and seen by various audiences. Throughout, the course keeps in mind the properties of film as a signifying practice, its status as a form of anthropological knowledge, and the ethical and political concerns raised by cross-cultural representation.

Culture and Media II: Ethnography of Media G14.1216  Open only to graduate students in the Departments of Anthropology, Cinema Studies, and Performance Studies. Prerequisite: G14.1215. Ganti, Ginsburg, Himpele. 4 points.
In the last decade, a new field—the ethnography of media—has emerged as an exciting new arena of research. While claims about media in people’s lives are made on a daily basis, surprisingly little research has actually attempted to look at how media is part of the naturally occurring lived realities of people’s lives. In the last decade, anthropologists and media scholars interested in film, television, and video have been turning their attention increasingly beyond the text and the empiricist notions of audiences (stereotypically associated with the ethnography of media), to consider, ethnographically, the complex social worlds in which media is produced, circulated, and consumed, at home and elsewhere. This work theorizes media studies from the point of view of cross-cultural ethnographic realities and anthropology from the perspective of new spaces of communication focusing on the social, economic, and political life of media and how it makes a difference in the daily lives of people as a practice, whether in production, reception, or circulation.

Video Production Seminar I, II G14.1218, 1219  Open only to students in the Program in Culture and Media. Limited to 10 students. Prerequisites: G14.1215, H72.1998, and permission of the instructor. Ganti, Ginsburg, Himpele. 4 points per term.
Yearlong seminar in ethnographic documentary video production using state-of-the-art digital video equipment for students in the Program in Culture and Media. The first portion of the course is dedicated to instruction, exercises, and reading familiarizing students with fundamentals of video production and their application to a broad conception of ethnographic and documentary approaches. Assignments undertaken in the fall raise representational, methodological, and ethical issues in approaching and working through an ethnographic and documentary project. Students develop a topic and field site for their project early in the fall term, begin their shooting, and complete a short (5- to 10-minute) edited tape by the end of the semester. This work should demonstrate competence in shooting and editing using digital camera/audio and Final Cut Pro nonlinear editing systems. Students devote the spring semester to intensive work on the project, continuing to shoot and edit, presenting work to the class, and completing their (approximately 20-minute) ethnographic documentaries. Student work is presented and critiqued during class sessions, and attendance and participation in group critiques and lab sessions is mandatory. Students should come into the class with project ideas already well-developed. Students who have not completed the work assigned in the first semester are not allowed to register for the second semester. There is no lab fee, but students are expected to provide their own videotapes. In addition to class time, there are regular technical lab sessions on the use of equipment.

Culture, Meaning, and Society G14.1222  Open to nonanthropology graduate students; undergraduate senior anthropology honors majors; and undergraduate linguistics-anthropology joint majors. Staff. 4 points.
Explores what is involved in studying the various symbolic systems in use in various societies—both Western and non-Western—considering the role of these expressive systems in myth, ritual, literature, and art. Also reviews the history and development of a specifically anthropological perspective on the nature of symbolic processes. Close examination of important theoretical discussions is combined with extended case studies from ethnographic literature, allowing the nonspecialist to become familiar not only with the details of symbolic systems in use in a number of actual communities, but with anthropology’s emerging claim to a special kind of perspective, and a special kind of method, for their study.

Ethnographic Traditions: Latin America G14.1314  Abercrombie. 4 points.
Examines lifeways of people in rural villages, plantations, mines, towns, and cities of Central and South America. Contrasts prehistoric systems of production and distribution with the changed relationship between human beings and land resulting from the Spanish Conquest and colonialism, revolution, and industrialization. Explores similarities and differences between culture areas, institutions, and practices, such as curing, child rearing, slavery, feasting, art, and warfare.

Ethnographic Traditions: East Asia G14.1315  Zito. 4 points.
Traditional societies and contemporary problems of how traditional beliefs and behavior have been modified by modern changes. Topics: caste system and theories of inequality; world religions (Buddhism and Islam) as locally received; the impact of cash economy and markets on subsistence agriculture; the relation of religious beliefs to family and community structure; national culture and the international demands of industry, bureaucracy, and education. Includes Thailand, Indonesia, China, and Japan.

Ethnographic Traditions: Sub-Saharan Africa G14.1316  Beidelman. 4 points.
Surveys a range of peoples and problems examined as they relate to specific ethnographies; lineage theory, interpretations of cosmology and ritual, oral history, and varying forms of subsistence and their relation to social organization. Also considered: the effects of Christianity and Islam, colonialism, and modern economic and political development as these relate to basic social theory.

Ethnographic Traditions: Europe G14.1317  Rogers. 4 points.
How basic anthropological concepts about culture, methodology, and local studies allow new interpretations of traditional and contemporary European societies. Topics: community studies; the changing forms of family and kinship; culture and bureaucracy; patronage; Christianity in different locales; elites; and the relations between history, education, and culture.

Ethnographic Traditions: India G14.1318  Ganti. 4 points.
Surveys the societies and cultures of the Indian subcontinent. Relationship of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam to the Indian worldview and to caste, village society, and modern urban life. Special attention to problems raised for anthropological theory by Indian studies.

Ethnographic Traditions: The Caribbean G14.1319  Khan. 4 points.
Comparisons of the Hispanic and Afro-Creole regions. Slavery, plantation structures, racial class stratifications, political-religious traditions, community family patterns, and the problems of postcolonial development are analyzed from an anthropological perspective.

Anthropology for Middle Eastern Studies G14.1322  Intended primarily for graduate students and advanced undergraduates majoring in fields other than anthropology. Gilsenan. 4 points.
Assesses the contribution of anthropological research to the study of Middle Eastern history, politics, literature, and civilization. Special attention to applying anthropologically oriented techniques to research problems.

Problems in Contemporary French Society G14.1328  Identical to G42.1328 and G46.1810. Rogers. 4 points.
Introduction to the analysis of French society: social structures and postwar processes of social reproduction and transformation. Subjects include family organization, class, gender, generational differences, ethnicity, and regionalism. Local-level ethnographies, life histories, and national-scale studies are used to explore relationships between individual experience, local variation, and national trends.

Constructing America: Seminar on the Anthropology of the United States G14.1330  Dávila, Ginsburg. 4 points.
Focuses on ethnographies of and about the United States, examining the epistemology of fieldwork in a society where “the natives read what we write,” as well as on the imperative of linking structure and action and local knowledge with larger processes. More generally, takes a sociology of knowledge approach, relating what anthropologists have written about American culture to both the context of the development of anthropology as well as to the changing character of American society and culture. Explores chronologically and topically how anthropologists studying American culture are simultaneously engaged in constructing it.

Theories of Modernity G14.1323  Grant. 4 points.
Analyzes classic social theories of modernity, anthropological debates about the grand dichotomy, and contemporary critical theory. Questions the nature and significance of features attributed to modernity: rational thought, scientific knowledge, individuality, political development, and sexual liberation. Explores the roles the modern and nonmodern have played in the social theory, the political process, and the lives of people in the non-Western world and examines “alternative modernities.”

Art and Society G14.1630  Myers. 4 points.
Considers art and aesthetic practice as both specific historical categories and as a dimension of human activity. Considers non-Western societies but shows relation to broader theories of aesthetics, iconography, and style, with reference to art everywhere. Considers mainly visual and plastic arts but also oral literature and crafts.

Political Systems G14.1633  Beidelman, Merry, Myers, Rapp, Siu. 4 points.
Analyzes political structures, politics, and political culture (symbols and ideology) in different egalitarian and hierarchical settings. Culturally defined forms of autonomy, dominance-subordination, and inequality in the context of varying ways of controlling material resources and organizing people. The power dimensions of rituals, speech events, gender relations, ethnicity, and other cultural activities. Forms of governing and resisting are compared in such societies as tribal and centralized states, colonial and postcolonial nations, and transnational organizations.

Transnational Processes G14.1634  Prerequisite: G14.1010 or permission of the instructor. Khan, Merry, Siu. 4 points.
Focuses on studies of “deterritorialized” social and cultural processes that have emerged from the new global traffic in capital, peoples, and cultures. Topics include transnational and diasporic identities and cultures of migrating Third World peoples; urban public cultures produced by the globalization of capital, commodities, media, literacy, and international political and religious movements; current models for analyzing transnational social and cultural phenomena; and methodologies for research. Students develop a research project on the transnationalization of social relations and cultures.

Anthropological Perspectives on New Social Movements G14.1637  Ginsburg. 4 points.
Examines forms of collective action referred to as “new social movements” (e.g., women’s grassroots and international movements, youth, environmental justice, human rights, and other forms of urban movements), which display new patterns of political action and organization that researchers have associated with the rise and spread of global capitalism. Analyzes case studies of select social movements and their related theoretical literature.

Race and Power G14.1638  Khan, staff. 4 points.
Examines the formation and deployment of the category “race” in historical and cross-cultural perspectives. Investigates how racism operates within systems of complementary exclusions tied to gender, class, national, and imperial identities. Topics include race in the construction of colonial and postcolonial hierarchies and ideologies; the production of “whiteness” in U.S. cultural politics; global (re)articulation of race cum ethnocultural identities; and the environmental justice movement as a contemporary terrain of struggle in the elaboration of a politics of difference.

Anthropological Theory G14.2310  Beidelman, Grant, Martin, Myers, Rapp. 4 points.
Follow-up to core course G14.1010. Considers selected classics and contemporary works derived from them, showing the interplay between past and current theory. Emphasis varies with the instructor. Themes include systems of thought, exchange theory, political and economic domination, social organization and kinship, bureaucracy, and history.

Ethnography: Theory and Techniques G14.2312  Beidelman, Ginsburg, Martin, Myers, Rogers. 4 points.
Examines various classic and contemporary ethnographies with two broad aims: how the collection of field data relates both to theory and to methodology and how such research has influenced the history of cultural anthropology.

Anthropology of Religion G14.2330  Beidelman, Khan, Myers, Zito. 4 points.
The study of religion has been central to the anthropological understanding of systems and thought, categorization, and belief in both “simple” and complex societies. The study of ritual, myth, symbolism, and sacrifice also has major implications for secular activities: politics, bureaucracies, and notions of responsibility and obligation. Examples are drawn from Australian Aborigines, Africans, Classical Greeks, the Americas, Islam, Buddhism, European Christianity, and Judaism.

Social Organization G14.2341  Beidelman, Myers, Rapp, Rogers. 4 points.
Comparative analysis of family and kinship organizations and of the nature and social functions of such organizations in their social and historical contexts. Specific examples are drawn from classic studies of kinship and social organization.

Symbolic Anthropology G14.2342  Ginsburg, Grant, Kulick, Myers. 4 points.
Considers the relationships between the formal properties of signs and their place in social life. Examines methodologies of interpretation (hermeneutic problems locating and interpreting cultural meanings), issues in the poetics of meaning, and rhetorical approaches to signification. Also explores classical anthropological approaches to the study of symbols and meaning in light of recent work in semiotics, literary criticism, Marxist theory, structuralism, phenomenology, philosophy of language, and poststructuralist critique.

Anthropology and Economic Analysis G14.2343  Beidelman, Rogers. 4 points.
Economic institutions and economic behavior in prehistoric and contemporary societies. Anthropological studies of economic behavior. Relationships between anthropological studies of economic systems and classic economic theory. Applicability of economic theory to the methods and data of social anthropology.

Urban Anthropology G14.2345  Staff. 4 points.
Critical survey of various models and conceptual frameworks used by anthropologists in the study of urban society. Definitions of urbanism, the preindustrial city, culture, central place theory, and networks. Emphasis on interplay between comparative ethnography and theory development.

Sex/Gender Systems: Issues and Theory G14.2346  Ginsburg, Kulick, Martin, Rapp. 4 points.
Implications of new research on gender for anthropological models of society and culture and for theories concerning production, wealth, and exchange; stratification, domination, and inequality; kinship and family roles; and the role of gender constructs in cultural ideologies.

Anthropology of Human Rights G14.2600  Merry. 4 points.
Examines the contemporary elaboration and dissemination of human rights law and discourse in the post-World War II period. Explores the opposition between culture and rights and examines current anthropological work on human rights in political struggles in various parts of the world. Specific areas of focus include indigenous rights and women’s rights. The course also examines transnational, deterritorialized, and multisited ethnographic research methods for studying human rights.

Cultures of Biomedicine G14.2610  Rapp. 4 points.
Over the last 100 years, biomedicine as a sphere of ideas and practices has made increasingly powerful claims to define the conditions of human life and death. How did medical authority get established? This seminar looks at the many historical processes through which biomedical power is constituted by addressing topics such as the discovery/ invention of bodies, systems, populations; public health and governance; the material culture of scientific medicine; the emergence of diagnostic categories and pharmacologies; the role of biostatistics. This course is located on the intersection of science studies and anthro-pological approaches to biomedicine.

Ethnographic Methods G14.2700  Martin, Rapp, Schieffelin. 4 points.
Examines theories and methods of ethnographic research, paying particular attention to the role of language. In addition to readings, students have the opportunity to design and carry out ethnographic research projects in New York City.

Seminar: Modernization and Social and Cultural Change G14.3213  Staff. 4 points.
Changes in the culture and social patterns of colonial and contemporary postcolonial societies in the context of changes in the relationship between Western and Third World societies. Covers political, economic, and cultural factors, and the institutional forms through which the two-way processes of change are mediated.

Medical Anthropology G14.3214  Martin, Rapp. 4 points.
Overview of central issues in medical anthropology. Focuses on the relationship of theory to practice. Examines problems in international health, occupational health, health care delivery, and clinical issues, illustrating the roles of anthropologists at the interface of the medical and social sciences. Implications of cross-cultural variation and commonality in health institutions; behavior and beliefs for change in health care systems. Students critique the literature in a particular area of medical anthropology; research projects utilize the New York University hospital and medical school.

Memory and Heritage  G14.3390  Abercrombie. 4 points.
This course surveys the realms of memory, social continuity, and representation of the past and of historical process or change.  It seeks especially to understand the kinds of social memory that bridge the gap between remembered personal experience and the externally received representations of museology and school-book history. On the one hand, the course is a survey and history of historians’ and anthropologists’ approaches to the study of the past, of cultural change over time, and of representations of the past; on the other, it is a treatment of the role of narration in the subject’s construction of itself. The course includes in-depth treatment of the issue of time, memory, and the past as cultural constructs, including recent studies of the perception of time and of constructions of “social memory.”

Seminars: Ethnographic Areas G14.3490 to 3499  4 points per term.
Geographic or cultural areas selected.

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

Language and Problem Solving: The Legal Process and Narrated Self G14.1702  Schieffelin. 4 points.
Analysis of language as a particular type of problem-solving activity. Language is viewed as a significant form of social action and, as such, is a resource for participants and researchers. Grounded in comparative materials, theories, and methodologies drawn from the literature on studies of dispute resolution, symbolic interaction, political economy of language, narrative, and the “narrated self,” the course explores how two speech genres—disputing and narrating—come together in the context of small claims court, an important legal institution in contemporary American society. Introduction to research in the ethnography of speaking, pragmatics, conversation analysis, narrative analysis, and interpretive sociolinguistics.

Language Ideologies, Social Change, and Language Use G14.2701  Kulick, Schieffelin. 4 points.
Language choice is one of the principal arenas of struggle in achieving individual and group status in multicultural societies. This course explores various approaches to analyzing language ideologies and their relation to language choice and use in multilingual societies undergoing social change. Through study of language practices and language-related institutions, students examine how authority, identity, and power are contested, reformulated, and changed and how (or whether) linguistic diversity is valued.

Acquisition of Cultural Practices G14.2702  Kulick, Schieffelin. 4 points.
Critically explores the notion of “practice” from a number of perspectives, including symbolic interactionism, phenomenology, ethnomethodology, language socialization, and contemporary social theory, utilizing ethnographic studies on the acquisition of a variety of cultural practices, including speech and gender practices, across a range of societies and contexts. Analyzes selected social practices in terms of how they are framed, keyed, and constituted through speech and other expressive resources, through use of video and transcription.

BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Paleobiology of the Primates G14.1512  Harrison. 4 points.
Detailed survey of current problems and debates in the study of primate evolution. Considers the practical and theoretical issues concerned with evaluating the fossil evidence. Problems include those relating to phylogenetic interpretation, taxonomy, and paleobiological and paleoecological reconstruction.

Population Genetics G14.1513  Disotell, Jolly. 4 points.
In order to understand evolutionary change over time, population geneticists describe the generic compositions of living populations according to the laws of probability. This course examines the assumptions about mating patterns and evolutionary forces that are part of these probabilistic models and investigates the potential of such models for explaining variability and measuring evolutionary change in living populations.

Primate Behavior G14.1514  Di Fiore, Jolly. 4 points.
Examines the diversity of primate social organization from an ethological perspective. Starting with a review of the basic observational and analytical methods of ethology, examines the structure of primate behavior, the determinants of patterns of spatial grouping and social interaction, and the oncogeny of the individual behavioral repertory. These data are then related to the explanatory frameworks provided by socioecological and sociobiological theory.

Comparative Morphology of the Primates G14.1515  Harrison, Jolly. 4 points.
Detailed review of the comparative anatomy and behavior of the living primates. Surveys the morphology of the musculoskeletal system, the dentition, the viscera, the nervous system (including the brain and sensory organs), and the reproductive system. These structural/functional systems are examined from an ecological and behavioral perspective, and their significance for assessing taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships is reviewed.

Skeletal Morphology G14.1516  Antón, Bailey, Harrison. 4 points.
An in-depth survey of the various ways in which biological anthropologists employ human osteology, the study of bones and the skeleton. In addition to presenting a detailed review of the anatomy of the human skeleton and its associated musculature, examines a series of thematic issues and topics that emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of the study of skeletal morphology. Topics include bone biology and development, comparative osteology, biomechanics, bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and taphonomy.

Biological Variation Among Human Populations G14.1517  Antón, Disotell, Jolly. 4 points.
Despite the significance of culture in human adaptation, genetic variation and biological adaptability continue to affect human survival and reproduction in important ways. This course explores genetic, physiological, morphological, and behavioral variability in human populations today; its role in human adaptation; and its significance to our understanding of human evolution.

Natural History of the Primates G14.1518  Di Fiore, Jolly. 4 points.
Designed to provide a rigorous introduction to primate ecology. Starts with a consideration of the methods of tropical ecological research and with a review of the major features of tropical ecosystems. Covers the extensive literature on the ecology of wild monkeys, apes, and prosimians and examines this information in the light of theoretical models of optimum foraging strategy, predator-prey relationships, and ecosystem diversity.

Fossil Evidence for Hominid Evolution G14.1519  Antón, Bailey, Harrison. 4 points.
Detailed review of the fossil remains that document the major stages of human evolution from the Miocene through the Pleistocene. Emphasis is on the morphology and paleobiology of hominid species, rationale for taxonomic decisions, and interpretation of phylogeny.

Interpreting the Skeleton G14.1520  Prerequisite: strong knowledge of fragmentary human skeletal anatomy. Antón, Bailey. 4 points.
Provides an intensive introduction to the methods and techniques used to reconstruct soft tissue anatomy and behavior from the human skeleton. Focuses on techniques and applications to all areas of skeletal biology, including bioarchaeology, paleoanthropology, forensics, and anthropology. Addresses bone biology, developmental processes, and soft tissue anatomy. Students learn (1) fundamentals of aging, sexing, and individuating human skeletal remains; (2) how to estimate stature, weight, and, to the extent possible, geographic ancestry; and (3) how to recognize and evaluate pre- and postmortem modification, including evidence of disease and activity.

Paleopathology G14.2516  Antón, Bailey. 4 points.
The study of disease in prehistory provides important epidemiological data for the study of contemporary disease and critical information about the health status and evolutionary success of ancient human populations. This course reviews skeletal responses to age, hormonal stimuli, nutrition, trauma, and infection; their distribution in prehistoric populations; and the medical and evolutionary significance of such patterns of health and disease.

Human Evolution: Problems and Perspectives G14.2519  Antón, Bailey, Harrison. 4 points.
Major problems raised by contemporary theories of human evolution. Analysis of problems of systematics, phylogeny, natural selection, and variation from the points of view of classic as well as contemporary research.

Primate Evolution: Problems and Perspectives G14.2520  Disotell, Harrison, Jolly. 4 points.
Detailed examination of current problems in the study of primate evolution. Considers the practical and theoretical problems concerned with evaluating fossil evidence. Students review the evidence critically and formulate ideas or propose further areas of research. Topics include analyses of key problems in phylogenetic interpretation, taxonomy, and dating.

Seminar: Physical Anthropology I, II G14.3217, 3218 Antón, Bailey, Di Fiore, Disotell, Harrison, Jolly. 4 points per term.
Designed for advanced graduate students and faculty who present and discuss their research and current topics in the literature.

GENERAL SEMINARS

Ph.D. Seminar G14.3210, 3211
4 points per term.
Professionalization seminars.

Topical Seminar G14.3390 to 3399  4 points per term.
Theoretical topics selected by students and faculty in consideration.

Reading in Anthropology G14.3910 to 3914  Variable points.

Research in Anthropology G14.3990 to 3999  4 points per term.

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